Tus qauv spectroscopic thiab nws daim ntawv thov luv luv piav

Lub teeb tsis yog tsim los ntawm electrons tsiv li ntawm atoms. Cov electrons hauv lub atoms ntawm ntau yam txav txawv, yog li lawv tawm txawv lub teeb tsis. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws theoretical thiab tswv yim tseem ceeb los kawm qhov luminescence thiab nqus ntawm ntau yam, thiab tau los ua ib qho kev kawm tshwj xeeb - spectroscopy.

Cov spectrum uas tau tsim los ntawm cov emission ntawm lub teeb los ntawm ib yam twj paj nruas yog hu ua tus zis spectrum. Muaj ob hom kev ua pa tawm: nruam spectrum thiab qhib spectrum.

Ib lub nrig spectrum ntawm cov kob dawb lias, xws li los ntawm liab mus rau xim liab, yog hu ua nruam spectrum. Cov pa roj carbon emission ntawm cov khoom kub, cov kua thiab cov pa kub siab yog nruam spectra. Piv txwv, lub teeb los ntawm cov hluav taws xob fais fab thiab lub teeb ntawm cov dej kub kub tsim ib qho kev nruam.

Ib cov spectrum uas tsuas muaj cov kab uas tsis tshua pom qis qis yog hu ua ib txoj kab khiav qis. Cov kab khiav hauv kev qhib kab spectrum yog hu ua spectral lines, thiab txhua kab sib raug mus rau ib lub teeb ntawm lub teeb sib txawv. Cov pa roj carbon dioxide emissions ntawm cov pa roj lossis cov pa hluav taws yog qhov qhib kab spectrum. Qhov qhib kab spectrum yog tawm los ntawm atoms nyob rau hauv ib tug dawb lub xeev, yog li nws tseem hu ua atomic spectrum. Thaum koj saib cov atomic spectrum ntawm cov roj cua, koj tuaj yeem siv lub raj spectral, uas yog ib tug nyias, kaw iav raj nrog lub siab tsis muaj roj hauv thiab ob lub electrodes ntawm ob hnub ntawm lub raj. Thaum ob lub tshuab electrodes txuas nrog lub hwj chim ua muaj zog, cov roj nyias hauv cov raj ua qhov muag, ua qhov xim ntawm lub teeb.

Atomic spectrum ntawm cov khoom ua tau los sis cov kua, yuav muab lawv tso rau hauv Bunsen burner nplaim taws lossis hluav taws xob hlawv, ua rau lawv ci tom qab roj ncej, koj tuaj yeem pom los ntawm cov spectroscope lawv qhib kab spectrum.

Cov kev sim tau pom tias sib txawv hauv atoms no sib txawv qhib kab spectra, thiab txhua lub caij muaj qhov qhib kab spectrum. Txhua lub koos poom tuaj yeem tso tawm tej lub tsho ntawm lub teeb uas muaj lawv tus yam ntxwv. Yog li no, txoj kab spectral ntawm kab qhib kab yog hu ua tus yam ntxwv spectral ntawm atom. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov kabmob spectral ntawm atom yuav siv los txheeb xyuas cov tshuaj thiab kawm cov qauv ntawm cov xaim hluav taws xob.

Zom spectrum emitted los ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv high temperature dawb teeb (uas muaj tag nrho cov wavelengths ntawm lub teeb) nruam tis los ntawm cov khoom, tom qab ib co wavelengths ntawm lub teeb yog absorbed los ntawm cov khoom ntawm spectrum, hu ua nqus spectra. Cia cov teeb ci teeb pom kev zoo, piv txwv li, los ntawm cov roj kub uas muaj ntsev tsawg tsawg (rau cov dej cawv tsis muaj ntsev rau qee lub ntsev, cov tshuaj ntsev thermal thermal decomposition yuav tsim tau roj), thiab tom qab ntawd los soj ntsuam nrog spectroscope, koj yuav pom nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub nruam spectrum tau ob tug tau ze heev rau ntawm qhov tsaus, qhov no yog sodium atomic absorption spectrum. Nws yog tsim nyog sau tseg tias txhua txoj kab tsaus nti hauv qhov nqus dej ntawm ntau qhov atoms sib raug mus rau ib txoj hlua ntawm cov pa hluav taws xob ntawm qhov chaw atom. Thiab qhov no qhia tau hais tias yog lub teeb uas lub atom ntawm cov pa roj cua txias yog raws nraim lub teeb uas lub atoms tawm ntawm high temperatures. Yog li, cov kab spectral (kab ntiv taw) nyob rau hauv qhov kev cuam tshuam kev nqus kuj yog cov yeeb yam spectral ntawm atoms, tab sis lawv feem ntau pom tsawg dua nyob rau hauv qhov nqus nqhis tshaj hauv qhov qhib spectrum.

Spectral tsom txij thaum txhua lub cim muaj nws tus kheej cov yeeb yam spectral, cov tshuaj yuav qhia tau thiab lawv cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg tus txiav txim raws li cov spectrum. Qhov no yog hu ua spectral analysis. Hauv kev soj ntsuam spectral, ob qho tib si emission thiab absorption spectra siv tau. Qhov kom zoo dua ntawm txoj kev no yog qhov uas nws yog qhov yooj yim thiab ceev. Ib lub caij nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm 10 mus rau 10 gram hauv ib yam khoom tuaj yeem kuaj los ntawm nws txoj kev zoo nkauj spectral thiab tuaj yeem kuaj tau. Spectral tsom tau siv dav dav hauv science thiab technology:

Spectral tsom xam yuav tsum tau muaj thaum xyuas seb cov ntaub ntawv thim khoom siv silicon thiab germanium puas tau raws li cov kev cai ntawm kev siab zoo.

Keeb kwm, spectral tsom tau kuj pab kom paub ntau yam ntsiab lus tshiab. Piv txwv, rubidium thiab cesium tau pom los ntawm saib cov kab tsis paub yav dhau los ntawm cov kab spectral hauv cov spectrum.

Spectral tsom xam tseem ceeb heev rau kev kawm txog kev siv tshuaj lom neeg hauv lub cev ntawm lub cev xilethi-aus. Hauv lub xyoo pua puas xyoo, thaum kawm cov hnub ci spectrum, nws tau pom tias muaj ntau ntau yam kev tsaus ntuj hauv nws qhov kev ua tas mus li. Keeb kwm tsis paub dab tsi tsaus nti yog tsim, ces neeg to taub qhov ua rau ntawm lub spectra nqus, tsuas paub qhov no yog tawm hauv lub tsho glare tom qab tsawg kub ntawm lub hnub huab cua ntawm absorption spectra. Ua tib zoo soj ntsuam cov xov hluav taws xob, sib piv nrog cov spectrum ntawm atom, neeg paub tias lub hnub huab cua muaj hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, iron, magnesium, silicon, calcium, sodium, thiab li ntawm ntau ntau cov ntsiab lus.

Cov Qauv Teeb Meem Thaum Nruab Nrab Raws Li wavelength tom qab sib quaj sib cais hauv qhov kev sib faib, xws li xim pob zeb ntawm lub hnub lub rays hauv nruam tis raws li qhov kev txiav txim ntawm liab, txiv kab ntxwv, daj, ntsuab, indigo thiab ntshav. Cov qauv, tswv yim, qhov thiab daim ntawv thov ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb thiab cov kev xyaum ua haujlwm tau tsim muaj kev paub txog kev nplua nuj thiab tsim muaj cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb heev - spectroscopy. Spectroscopy yog li dav siv ntawd txhua atom tau nws cov cim spectrum, xws li cov ntiv tes. Lawv tsim ntau txoj kab ntawm cov qauv raws li qee txoj cai. Cov khoom ntawm atomic spectral kab yog ze rau atomic structures, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev kawm atomic lug. Spectroscopy daim ntawv tso cai thiab kev sim txuj ci ntawm spectral tsom xam yuav ua tau, txhua lub caij muaj nws cov kab cim cim, muab qee yam khoom ntawm qhov qhib kab spectrum thiab cov neeg paub txog cov ntsiab lus paub los ntawm kev sib piv spectral kab yuav paub cov khoom no yog cov uas muaj cov ntsiab lus , siv cov spectrum tsis tsuas qualitative khoom cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, thiab muaj pes tsawg lub ntsiab lus tau txiav txim tau. Txoj kev tsom xam spectral spectral siab muaj kev rhiab heev thiab raug. Hauv qhov kev tshawb xyuas geological, kev soj ntsuam spectral tuaj yeem siv los tshawb xyuas cov nqi ntawm cov hlau zoo nkauj, cov ntsiab tsis tshua muaj lossis cov khoom siv nyob hauv cov hluav taws xob. Qhov ceev ntawm kev soj ntsuam spectral yog ceev ceev thiab kev ua hauj lwm efficiency yog zoo heev. Cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub cev ntawm lub cev xilantawv thiab cov qauv txheej txheem rau kev hloov ntev kuj tuaj yeem raug kawm los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas spectral.

Ib tug qauv uas tau teem tseg ntawm qhov ntev (los yog zaus) tom qab ib qho kev faib tawm (xws li kev xiam oob qhab lossis grating) cais qhov teeb. Piv txwv, tshav ntuj kis tau los ntawm ib qho kev tawm tswv yim thiab cov ntaub ntawv ib qho xim spectrum uas tau muab faib rau cov xim liab, txiv kab ntxwv, daj, ntsuab, xiav, indigo thiab ntshav. Liab rau ntshav, sib nug xov mus rau nthwv dej ntawm 7,700-3,900 angstrom, yog pom ib feem ntawm tib neeg qhov muag. Tshaj qhov paj liab kawg yog ntev wavelength ntawm lub teeb ci duab liab, thiab dhau ntawm lub pob zeb kawg yog qhov luv luv wavelength ntawm ultraviolet lub teeb, uas tsis tuaj yeem kuaj los ntawm lub qhov muag liab qab, tab sis tuaj yeem sau los ntawm seev.

Vim li no, cov spectrum tau muab faib ua infrared spectrum, pom spectrum thiab ultraviolet spectrum raws li thaj av wavelength. Raws li qhov xwm ntawm cov khoom, nws yuav muab faib ua atomic spectrum thiab molecular spectrum. Nws muaj peev xwm muab faib ua cov pa roj carbon emission, absorbption spectrum thiab scattering spectrum. Nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov kab spectrum, band spectrum thiab nruam spectrum.

Lub spectrum tau muab faib ua cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no

Thiab qhov no yog qhov kab spectrum.

Ib cov spectrum uas muaj cov kab spectral nqaim. Lub teeb tsis muaj tshwm sim los ntawm ib qho atomic gas los yog hlau vapor muaj linear spectrum, ces linear spectrum tseem hu ua atomic spectrum. Thaum ib qho atom's zog tshev los ntawm ib lub zog siab dua mus rau ib sab, nws radiates lub teeb tsis muaj ib zaug xwb wavelength. Cov lus hais no tsis muaj ib qho teeb meem xws li tib lub teeb ntawm qhov teeb meem sib txuas, vim lub zog qib nws muaj qee qhov dav thiab doppler cov nyhuv, atomic radiation los ntawm spectral kab yuav muaj ib qhov dav (saib broadening); Txawm nyob hauv ib qho kev nqaim ntawm wavelengths, nws tseem muaj ntau yam txuas ntxiv. Atomic spectrum qhia cov qauv hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov xaim hluav taws xob raws li txoj cai kev faib tawm ntawm wavelength. Txhua lub atom muaj nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb spectral series. Los ntawm kev kawm txog atomic spectrum, peb tuaj yeem nkag siab txog cov qauv ntawm cov atom, los yog ua tau zoo thiab ntau qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov lus sau ntawm cov qauv.